La quiebra del Banco de los Trabajadores
Mientras en América Latina muchos bancos de los trabajadores lograron sobrevivir adaptándose a las transformaciones financieras, hace más de tres décadas que quebró en nuestro país, fruto de una incapacidad oficial que acentúa la privatización
El Banco de los Trabajadores Dominicanos fue fundado en 1972 como una institución oficial con capital mixto, mediante la ley orgánica No. 412. Fue creado con personería jurídica y patrimonio propio con el propósito de ofrecer servicios financieros asequibles al sector laboral dominicano.
Comenzó a operar dentro de un proceso de expansión del sector bancario dominicano con la visión oficial de movilizar recursos de ahorro vinculados al trabajo y facilitar crédito a la clase trabajadora. Desde el inicio generó debates y cuestionamientos sindicales y sociales, por la obligatoriedad de las aportaciones y la forma de captar los fondos.
El Banco de los Trabajadores Dominicanos quebró en 1993, con apenas 20 años, debido:
1. A una errática gestión financiera: muchos préstamos riesgosos e inversiones en proyectos no rentables.
2. A la corrupción y los fraudes: frecuentes denuncias de corrupción, malversación y fraude dentro del propio banco.
3. A la falta de supervisión y regulación: deficiencias de la Superintendencia de Bancos sin una supervisión adecuada.
Cabe destacar que como los trabajadores eran accionistas de dicho banco, con su quiebra perdieron su dinero y sus ahorros. Sin embargo, como señala el Lic. Bernabel Matos, un dirigente sindical probado, “nadie, absolutamente nadie cayó preso, ni hubo devolución del dinero a los trabajadores, quienes no tuvieron ninguna participación en su fracaso”.
Los Bancos de los Trabajadores fueron creados en América Latina con el objetivo de servir a los intereses de la clase trabajadora, ofreciendo servicios de ahorro, crédito y financiamiento en condiciones más favorables que la banca tradicional. Su origen está ligado al movimiento obrero, sindical y cooperativista de finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX, inspirado en ideales de justicia social, autogestión y economía solidaria.
Estos bancos constituyen un esfuerzo en la búsqueda de autonomía financiera de la clase trabajadora. Su historia refleja los vaivenes políticos y económicos de la región, pasando de proyectos con fuerte contenido ideológico a entidades más técnicas, aunque algunas mantienen su espíritu social.
Uno de los pioneros fue el Banco de los Trabajadores de Argentina (BANTRA) en la década de 1940, auspiciado por el peronismo. Más adelante surgió el Banco Credicoop, uno de los más emblemáticos, como resultado de la fusión de múltiples cajas de crédito y cooperativas. Además, vale la pena señalar los bancos de los trabajadores de Uruguay, Chile, México, Perú, Guatemala y Bolivia, entre otros.
El Banco de los trabajadores guatemaltecos es tan eficiente que concentra una parte de las inversiones del Instituto Guatemalteco de Seguridad Social (IGSS)
En decenas de países de América Latina muchos «bancos de los trabajadores» migraron al modelo cooperativo para mantener su esencia social. Algunos lograron modernizarse mediante plataformas digitales para ampliar su alcance en el mercado financiero y adaptarse a las mayores exigencias de supervisión, fusionándose y transformándose.
En las décadas de 1980-1990, bajo el influjo del neoliberalismo, muchos bancos laborales enfrentaron dificultades debido a las crisis financieras, mala gestión e inversión, presiones políticas y cambios en los modelos económicos y en las políticas sociales. Algunos se quebraron y otros se fusionaron o se convirtieron en bancos comerciales convencionales.
El Banco de los Trabajadores de Guatemala (BANTRAB) nació como decreto estatal en la década de 1960, con la finalidad de promover el ahorro y dar créditos accesibles para empleados, especialmente del sector público. El BANTRAB guatemalteco ha evolucionado y continúa funcionando como una institución eficiente.
Actualmente el Banco de los Trabajadores de Guatemala goza de solidez, a tal punto que acumula un alto porcentaje de las inversiones financieras del Instituto Guatemalteco de Seguridad Social (IGSS), garantizando una rentabilidad anual similar a los demás bancos comerciales de ese país.
Estas experiencias exitosas en América Latina contrastan notablemente con las ineficiencias públicas de nuestro país, traducidas en quiebras lamentables donde otras naciones sobreviven y progresan en la gestión de proyectos sociales. Y además, explican cómo una persistente incapacidad gubernamental termina fomentando la privatización de servicios públicos eminentemente sociales.
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